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Carbon dioxide formation mirrors the final carbon oxidation steps of aerobic metabolism in microbial and mammalian cells. As a consequence,CO   2   /    HCO   3  −dissociation equilibria arise in fermenters by the growing culture. Anaplerotic reactions make use of the abundantCO   2   /    HCO   3  −levels for refueling citric acid cycle demands and for enabling oxaloacetate-derived products. At the same time, CO 2  is released manifold in metabolic reactions via decarboxylation activity. The levels of extracellularCO   2   /    HCO   3  −depend on cellular activities and physical constraints such as hydrostatic pressures, aeration, and the efficiency of mixing in large-scale bioreactors. Besides, localCO   2   /    HCO   3  −levels might also act as metabolic inhibitors or transcriptional effectors triggering regulatory events inside the cells. This review gives an overview about fundamental physicochemical properties ofCO   2   /    HCO   3  −in microbial and mammalian cultures effecting cellular physiology, production processes, metabolic activity, and transcriptional regulation.

CO2 – Intrinsic Product, Essential Substrate, and Regulatory Trigger of Microbial and Mammalian Production Processes