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European grapevine,  Vitis vinifera , carries no major resistances against  Plasmopara viticola , the causal agent of grapevine downy mildew. The introgression of quantitative trait loci conferring resistance to  P. viticola  ( Rpv ) from American and Asian donor species has resulted in a range of resistant cultivars. In light of the perennial nature of grapevine and the high evolutionary potential of  P. viticola , the durability of this quantitative resistance is an important challenge. Durability of host resistance and variability in pathogen virulence may be evaluated by describing interactions between pathogen isolates and grapevine cultivars in terms of  Rpv  loci. A set of 16 cultivars carrying different combinations of  Rpv  loci, was challenged with five  P. viticola  isolates, obtained from susceptible or  Rpv3.1  +  V. vinifera  cultivars. Based on the severity of sporulation, different host and pathogen phenotypes might be distinguished, which could be related to the presence of different  Rpv  loci. The hormonal responses before and during some interactions were compared to assess the resistance mechanisms underlying  Rpv3.1, Rpv10 , and  Rpv12  and the infection mechanisms of the different isolates. This paper reports on the strength of some of the commonly used  Rpv  loci, single or stacked. The isolates derived from  Rpv3.1  +  hosts, GRE Pv 1 and GPH Pv 1, were able to sporulate intensely on cultivars carrying  Rpv3.1 , without triggering necrosis. Moreover,  Rpv10  was not able to efficiently halt the development of the  Rpv3.1 -breaking isolate GPH Pv 1. Cultivars carrying  Rpv12 , however, were resistant to all five  P. viticola  isolates. Phytohormones might be implicated in the basal resistance against this pathogen, but during the early defense response, no significant hormonal responses to the isolates were observed. The isolate-specificity of the  Rpv3 - and  Rpv10 -mediated resistance suggests that these loci do not result in the most sustainable resistance. Furthermore, the isolate-specific behavior of the pathogen emphasizes the need for a characterization system for  P. viticola . A standardized phenotyping assay may be used to determine  P. viticola  pathogen phenotypes or measure the durability, strength, and isolate-specificity of the host quantitative resistances. The characterization of both components of the pathosystem may lead to an increased understanding of the resistance mechanisms, beneficial for a durable deployment of resistance genes.

frontiers in agronomy

The Durability of Quantitative Host Resistance and Variability in Pathogen Virulence in the Interaction Between European Grapevine Cultivars and Plasmopara viticola