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Large literatures across the social sciences, medical sciences, and policy analysis fields have shown long term impacts of birth weight on adult outcomes, including IQ and earnings. The effects are often robust to sibling or twin fixed effects. These findings have suggested the importance of targeting interventions and policies, such as WIC and prenatal care, to increase birth weight as well as mitigate the effects of low birth weight on developmental outcomes. Advances in biological and genetic fields have shed light on the mechanisms linking low birth weight with long term outcomes, suggesting the potential that targeting resources to those at highest risk for poor outcomes may further enhance policy impacts. We combine neuroscience, genetics and social science concepts, methods and data to examine sources of heterogeneity of birth weight impacts of future outcomes. Using variation in three genes related to neuroplasticity (APOE, BDNF, and COMT), we find substantial heterogeneity in the effects of birth weight on adult outcomes, where a large part of the population is not affected by birth weight variation. Our results help uncover why birth weight affects adult outcomes and suggest the potential benefits of targeting interventions and

Understanding Heterogeneity in the Effects of Birth Weight on Adult Cognition and Wages