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Exposure to drugs and chemicals often results in toxicity to living organisms. The immune system is a tightly regulated complex network, including lymphoid, reticular, dendritic and epithelial cells, interacting by cell-tocell contacts and communicating via soluble mediators such as cytokines. The immune system can be a target for many chemicals including environmental contaminants and drugs with potential adverse effects on human health and this has raised serious concerns within the public and the regulatory agencies. Modulation of the immune system can lead to either immunostimulation or immunosuppression and can be either intended or unintended. The application of immunotoxicology to the toxicologic assessment of drugs and chemicals is a field of increasing importance. Therefore, successful prevention requires knowledge of pathogenic mechanisms of immunotoxicity and rapid screening procedures by which we can access the potential agents with immunotoxicity. In-vitro methods have been invaluable in helping to understand the mechanisms of wellestablished Immunotoxicants. In-vitro methods offer a rapid and economical method of screening specific cell types for specific effects. This insight has also been used to help screen new chemicals for their potential Immunotoxicity. In-vitro technologies are advancing rapidly, improving the scientific validity of this approach, and extending their use. The future is therefore one in which more in vitro techniques will be used, better to answer questions regarding how to understand disease and improve health for animals and humans.

Immunotoxicants, Immunotoxicity and Immunotoxicity testing: An outline of in-vitro alternatives