English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Background: Abuse of psychoactive drugs is common worldwide. The WHO has plans to halt the problems. To be effective, such plans need information on the pattern of abuse, which is scanty in Iraq. Objectives: To study the pattern of drug abuse in Basrah by types of drugs and characteristics of abusers, to elucidate the risk factors and its relation to psychiatric illnesses and to evaluate immunoassay test for drug detection in urine. Method: This is an observational study on patients attending psychiatric clinic in Basrah journal Hospital and hospital workers. Interview, questionnaire form, and urine samples for screening for drugs of abuse using immunoassay multi-drug panel test. Results: Two hundreds and six subjects (59 patients, 96 health workers, and 51 volunteers for validation studies) were included. Forty-four percent of patients were manual workers, 20% were unemployed, and eighty-eight percent of them were smokers. Half of the patients have pure drug abuse, while the others have co-occurring psychiatric disorders. Personality disorder was the most commonly associated disease. Abuse of more than one drug reported by 66% of patients. Benzodiazepines abuse was reported by 78% of patients followed by opioids in 56% and centrally acting anticholinergics in 48% of patients. Fourteen percent of patients denied abuse. Sixty four percent of patients had moderate to substantial abuse severity score. Of the 96 health workers 12(12.5%) subjects were found positive mainly for benzodiazepines followed by tramadol. Conclusions: The problem of drug abuse affects young age group and psychiatric patients and involved mainly pharmaceuticals and lead sometimes to psychiatric consultation. ةراتخم ةعومجم يف يلقعلا ريثأتلا تاذ ةيودلأا لامعتسا ءوس طمن نم ةرصبلا يف صاخشلأا د . دعس دئار يتول ١ و د . غابصلا ميهاربا ليقع ٢ و أ . د . ليبن يلع ليلجلادبع ٣ ١ بطلا عرف / بطلا ةيلك / ،ةرصبلا ةعماج ٣ عرف ةيودلأا / بطلا ةيلك / ةرصبلا ةعماج ةساردلا ةيفلخ : تاذ ةيودلأا لامعتسا ءوس نا تاريثأتلا يلقعلا ة ملاعلا قاطن ىلع عئاش . لود نم ريثك عم نواعتلابو ةيملاعلا ةحصلا ةمظنم تعضو ةلكشملا هذه نم دحلل ططخ ملاعلا . نإ ً ادج ةليئض تامولعملا هذه قارعلا يف . فادهلأا : لامعتسلأا ءوسل ةروطخلا لماوع ةسارد كلذكو ةرصبلا يف ةيلقعلا تارثؤملا لامعتسا ءوس طمن ىلع فرعتلا ىلا ةساردلا هذه فدهت اهتقلاعو ضارملأاب ةفلتخملا ةيسفنلا و صحف لامعتسا مييقت ىلا ةساردلا فدهت كلذك راردلإا نع يحسملا ةيودلأا صاخلا تراكلا لامعتساب داوملا هذه نع فشكلل يعانملا ليلحتلاب . لمعلا ةقيرط : تاذ ةيودلأل نيطاعتملا صاخشلأا نع ةيدوهش ةسارد ريثأتلا لا ضارملأا ةدايع نوعجاري نمم يسفنلا ةرصبلا ىفشتسم يف ةيسفنلاو ةيلقع ماعلا و ةنيعلا لمشت كلذك ءارجإ نييحصلا نيلماعلاو ىضرملا ةفاك ةلباقم تمت روكذملا ىفشتسملا يف نيلماعلل حسم ىفشتسملا يف ، ةرامتسا ئلم متو مهنم لكل ةصاخ ، امك تذخأ ةنيع راردإ يعانملا ليلحتلا ةطساوب ةيودلأا نع فشكلل صخش لك نم . جئاتنلا : ل يلكلا عومجملا ناك ةساردلا يف نيكراشملا صاخشلأ ٢٠٦ ) ٥٩ ضيرم ، ٩٦ و يبطلا رداكلا نم ٥١ ميلس عوطتم .( ناك ٧٣ % لقت مهرامعأ نع ٤٠ و ةنس ٤٤ % و نيوديلا لامعلا نم مه ىضرملا نم ٢٠ % لمعلا نع نيلطاعلا نم ، ناك و ٨٨ % نينخدم ىضرملا ءلاؤه نم رئاكسلل و فصن يلاوح ناك نوكشي رخلأا فصنلا امنيب طقف ةيودلأا لامعتسا ءوس لكاشم نم نوكشي ىضرملا ، ةفاضإ ةيودلأا لامعتسا ءوس ىلا ، نم ضارعأ ةيسفن . نم ةيصخشلا تابارطضا تناك رثكأ ةيودلأا لامعتسا ءوسل ةبحاصملا ةيسفنلا ضارعلأا . يف دحاو ءاود نم رثكلأ لامعتسلأا ناك ىدل تقولا سفن ٦٦ % ملا نم ىضر . ىدل نيبزيادوزنبلا تابكرم لامعتسا ءوس رهظ ٧٨ % ىضرملا نم ، ىدل تانويفلأا تابكرم لامعتسا اهيلي ٥٦ % يف ةيزكرملا نيلوك ليتسلأل ةداضملا ةيودلأا يتأت امنيب ةجردلا ةبسنب و ةثلاثلا ٤٨ .% يلاوح نا ١٤ % ىضرملا نم ركنأ ضعب لامعتسا ليلحت يف ةبجوم ترهظ يتلا و ةيودلأا راردلأا . ءوس ةدش تناك ىدل ةحضاو ىلا ةطسوتم ةيلقعلا تابكرملا لامعتسا ٦٦ % بسح ىضرملا نم سايقم DAST . ىدل رهظ ١٢ ) ١٢,٥ (% لودامارتلا هيلي نيبزيادوزنبلا تابكرمل اهمظعم ناك راردلأل ًابجوم ًاصحف نييحصلا نيلماعلا نم ًاصخش . تاجاتنتسلاا : ةيودلأا لامعتسا ءوس ةلكشم نا ةينلاديصلا تابكرملا صخلأابو يلقعلا ريثأتلا تاذ رثؤت ةصاخ ىلع بابشلا ةئف ، ضارملأا ىضرم و ةيسفنلا ضارملأا ةدايعل مهتعجارم ىلا تدأ ةدحلا نم ةجردل ةيسفنلا . MJBU, VOL 31, No.1, 2013 35 INTRODUCTION rug abuse is a common worldwide problem affecting mainly the young age group, as it was estimated that during 2010 between 3% to 7% of the world population aged 15 to 64 abuse at least one substance during the previous year. The problem is affecting both the developed and the developing countries. In many industrialized countries, as the United States of America, Canada and the European Union the abuse of one substance or another ranged from 2% to 20 %. The Middle East Countries also affected, as it’s a transit area for the world illicit drugs, with many countries experiencing rapid social changes and economic constrains having many conflicts which is sometimes violent. Many countries have high rate of dependence on many hard drugs as heroin and opium, in addition to other substances as cannabis and khat. In Iraq, substance abuse have raised following 2003 war, which was driven by many factors, as violence, economic strain, social and religious conflicts. According to Iraqi Mental Health Survey, carried out by the Iraqi Ministry of Health in collaboration with the World Health Organization on the prevalence of mental disorders, substance used disorders were the fourth most common among various psychiatric disorders and the second most serious after bipolar. Substance abuse among other effects, has many health problems as the increase incidence of infection among abusers as hepatitis and AIDS. [8] It also affects the central nervous system leading to many problems as seizures precipitated by intoxication or occurring during drug withdrawal, movement disorders, stroke and peripheral neuropathy. Cardiac ischemia with infarction and dysrrhythmias can also occur. Carcinogenic effect was also reported. Accident, trauma, and injuries are all common among drug abusers as well as the overdose occurring intentionally or as accident during drug intake. Any attempt to prevent or control drug abuse problem in a society, should aim first to explore the extent of the problem in the population and the factors that contribute to such a problem. As data on substance abuse is lacking and consist mainly of clinical observations and individual reports. The aim of the present work is to study the pattern of substance abuse among outpatients in a psychiatric clinic and a selected group of individuals in Basrah city, and to investigate the risk factors for drug abuse and its relation to various psychiatric illnesses. Also to evaluate the use of immunoassay panel cards in the screening for the detection of drugs of abuse in urine and compare this to the role of questionnaire forms in substance abuse detection. PATIENTS MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was ethically approved by the Ethical Committee of the College of Medicine, Basrah University. Informed verbal consents were obtained from all patients and medical staff before the study. The study was conducted in the period between January, 2012 and July 2012. The study was conducted on two populations: I. Patients: fifty nine patients with substance use disorders attended the psychiatric unit of Basrah General Hospital for drug abuse related problems. Patients included were either asking for drug supply or demand treatment of their dependence. The patients were divided into different groups according to the type of drug they abuse and according to the co-occurring psychiatric disorders. All patients with substance use disorders including patients with psychiatric disorders and co-occurring substance use disorders were included in this study. There patients were diagnosed by a consultant psychiatrist. All patients attending the clinic during the study period were included. Urine samples were collected for drugs screening by immunoassay test. The degree of dependence was also evaluated for each patient by using Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST) which is based on the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–IV). issued by the American Psychiatric Association. DAST consists of 20 questions (DAST–20) and can be given in either a self-report or in a structured interview format; in our study, we performed the test by the structured interview and translation of questions to Arabic language. Patients characteristics were recorded according to a special questionnaire form which includes socio-demographical data for each patient such as age, gender, marital status, occupation and address. The D MJBU, VOL 31, No.1, 2013 36 questionnaire form also includes the overall medical state of the drug abuser and any associated organic or psychiatric illness. Smoking and alcohol use were also included. Regarding drug abused by the patients, complete information were collected from each patient and this include; type of drug, dosage form, dose, starting date, escalation pattern and the source of obtaining these drugs. Urine samples were collected from each patient for screening of drugs of abuse. II. Medical staff: a randomly selected sample of the staff of Basrah General Hospital which is a general hospital with all major specialties were included in this study as a risk group for drug abuse. Physicians, medical assistants, nurses and service workers from different departments were included. For each participanti, Information such as age, gender, social status, drug history and medical history were recorded by a special questionnaire form, and urine samples were collected to be screened for drugs by immunoassay urine test. Immunoassay multi–drugs panel test of two types were used, the 5drug panel test (Cortez Diagnostics) USA, which can detect Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines, Opiates, Tetrahydrocannabinol and Tramadol) and the 10– drug panel test (Acon) USA, which detect Cocaine, Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, Tetrahydrocannabinol, Methadone,

The Pattern of Psychoactive Drugs Abuse Among Selected Group in Basrah