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Fishes are representative of the biotic community assemblage of aquatic ecosystems and have been widely used as a tool in the study of monitoring environmental quality assessment. Indices of species richness, fish abundance and diversity per sample representing methodologies can assess different situations as the quality of the environment. Despite the poorly known ichthyofauna in the extreme south of Bahia, this study aimed to surveil the environmental quality in a stretch of Cachoeira River through the waterfall fish community. Samples were collected seasonally at five points of the river between the municipalities of Itapé and Ilhéus. The samples were taken over a period of one year (May 2007 to January 2008). The results of this study showed that the points 1, 2 and 5 had a better environmental quality in relation to others. In the first point the endemic species Lignobrycon myersi and Nematocharax venustus were found and taken as a reference. The points 3 and 4 indicated a further deterioration of environmental quality due to the high frequency of exotic species such as Tilapia rendalli, Tilapia sp. and Poecilia vivipara and the entry of effluents. The results of T test showed no significant difference between points 1 and 2 to point 5. The results reflect the degradation of this stretch of river waterfall, which can be reflected in a decrease in diversity. The presence of endemic species in our samples in the most upstream points, reinforces the need for environmental preservation of the watershed for the maintenance of species characteristic of this environment and to maintain water quality to be used by the population.

Fish as Indicators of Environmental Quality in a Stretch of the Cachoeira River, Bahia, Brazil