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The idea that the thalamocortical system is the crucial constituent of the neurobiological mechanisms of consciousness has a long history. For the last few decades, however, consciousness research has to a large extent overlooked the interplay between the cortex and thalamus. Here we revive an integrated view of the neurobiology of consciousness by presenting and discussing several recent major findings about the role of thalamocortical interactions in consciousness. Recent findings have demonstrated that there exists a specific cellular mechanism how thalamic nuclei modulate the integration of different processing streams within single cortical pyramidal neurons. We describe the “Dendritic Integration Theory”, which is inspired by recent work done on rodents, but integrates decades of work conducted on various species. We illustrate how this new view readily explains various properties and experimental phenomena associated with conscious experience. We discuss the implications of this idea and some of the experiments that need to be done in order to test it. Our view bridges two long-standing perspectives on the neural mechanisms of consciousness and proposes that cortical and thalamocortical processing interact at the level of single cortical pyramidal cells.

Dendritic integration theory: A thalamo-cortical theory of state and content of consciousness