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In his one-paragraph introduction to his translation of this early Meccan sura (30 short verses), Richard Bell describes it as follows: ‘The introductory oath is not very intelligible or well arranged and does not lead up to any important statement. The rest of the sura is confused in rhyme and the sense is also uneven ... A number of verses were introduced into the sura at a later date which cannot be determined’ and continues, ‘How the various parts of the sura came to be conjoined it is impossible to say.’ 1 His work is littered with such indications of uncertainty as ‘seems, probably possibly, looks like, not intelligible, impossible to say, cannot be determined’. In the following discussion we will test the validity and value of Bell’s observations.

Sūrat al-Fajr (Q. 89): A Study of Structure, Meaning, and the Value of Analysis