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An ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) technique was applied to a 1-mm thick AZ31 magnesium sheet. UNSM is a relatively new surface modification technique in which a hard, hemispherical tip (2.38 mm in diameter) strikes the surface at an ultrasonic frequency to induce plastically deformed gradient microstructures and deep compressive residual stresses through the thickness. After the UNSM treatment, the through-thickness microstructures were thoroughly investigated using electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction analysis. The through-thickness microstructures revealed zones that were severely deformed (down to 200 µm from the surface) and twin-dominated (200~300 µm deep from the surface). The severely deformed zone consisted of shear banding, grain subdivision and reorientation, due to the strong plastic deformation, accompanied by the formation of {10   1  &amp;#x2212;   2} tensile twins (despite compressive strikes by the hemispherical tip), {10   1  &amp;#x2212;   1}-{10   1  &amp;#x2212;   2} double twins and {10   1  &amp;#x2212;   1} compression twins. The cause for tensile twinning was examined through a literature survey. In the twin-dominated zone, the twining activity prevailed as the slip activity gradually decayed through the thickness. The UNSM-induced hardness and microstructure enhancement was found to be effective down to about 300~400 μm deep from the surface. Finally, the source of the increase in yield strength after the UNSM treatment of the AZ31 sheet was analyzed, and focused on individual cases of microstructural enhancement in the severely deformed zone and the twin zone, and the compressive residual stress.

Through-Thickness Microstructures and Yield Strength Enhancement for AZ31 Mg Sheets Treated by Ultrasonic Nanocrystal Surface Modification