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Epidural block using local anaesthetic drugs are used in clinical practice since many years. It further got revolutionized with the better understanding of opioid receptors by Martin & Coworkers in1976. Intra spinal morphine was first used in 1979, which opened up a new exciting way of pain management. Intrathecal and epidural administration of opioids are widely used even now. Opioid administration intrathecally or epidurally causes dependable method of pain relief without affecting motor functions or other sensory modalities such as touch sensation. This study is an effort to find the haemodynamic changes of lumbar epidural block using 0.5% bupivacaine vs 0.5% bupivacaine with ketamine.

international journal of medical anesthesiology

A study of haemodyanamine changes: a comparative pain score evaluation of lumbar epidural block using 0.5% bupivacaine and 0.5% bupivacaine with ketamine in orthopaedic surgery cases