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Short-tailed shearwaters Puffinus tenuirostris (STSH) make use of a number of physical oceanographic features on their foraging trips to the Southern Ocean from their breeding colonies in southeast Australia. We examined the patterns in STSH at sea in the southern Indian Ocean with respect to various physical oceanographic features. Between mid-September and mid-January, there was a prominent peak in STSH densities associated with the Antarctic Polar Front (APF). A secondary peak in foraging STSH densities associated with the Antarctic Divergence (AD) was also present from late November to mid April. The high densities of STSH associated with the APF and AD sup- port the interpretation that these features are concentrating prey in a predictable manner. As the summer breeding season progresses, STSH are observed farther southward and westward, reaching their greatest distances from their colonies at the time when they are feeding chicks. The ice edge did not appear to be a foraging focus for STSH, but represented the southern-most limit of STSH forag- ing in the Southern Ocean. Throughout this southward and westward movement, STSH avoid areas with pack ice. As the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ) retreats southward, the STSH follow and, by mid sum- mer, are foraging over the Antarctic continental shelf. The shelf break, MIZ and AD overlap spatially during the summer months as the MIZ retreats southward past the AD and over the continental shelf. The individual influences of each of these 3 oceanographic features could not be disentangled. The southward shift by STSH from the APF to the more productive MIZ/AD/continental shelf is associ- ated with the hatching of eggs and the onset of the elevated energy demands of growing chicks.

Convergence or divergence: where do short-tailed shearwaters forage in the Southern Ocean?