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Only a minor fraction of copepod defecation appears to leave the upper water column as fast-sinking fecal pellets in coastal waters. This study suggests that most egested matter from cope- pods is retained in the water column because (1) >50% of fecal matter is released as small, slow- sinking particles that are not surrounded by a peritrophic membrane and (2) small fecal pellets sink slowly and are degraded rapidly. The production, appearance and fate of fecal material from the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa (fed on 2 different phytoplankton species, the cryptophyte Rhodomonas salina and the diatom Skeletonema costatum) was followed in association with the graz- ing activity of the copepod in a laboratory experiment. For both diets, >50% of the defecation was released as dispersed small ( 80% of the total fecal matter can be expected to be retained when the unbound fecal material is also included.

Egestion of non-pellet-bound fecal material from the copepod Acartia tonsa: implication for vertical flux and degradation