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Horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus eggs are laid on sandy estuarine beaches, and subsequently develop into first instar (trilobite) larvae that emerge into the plankton before settle- ment. To obtain estimates of early survival, we collected data on the densities of trilobite larvae within intertidal sediments on a beach in Delaware Bay, New Jersey, and the densities of post-settle- ment juveniles, through the first 4 instar stages, on the adjacent tidal flats. Over the course of the spawning season in 1999, there were some 761 000 live trilobites produced within a 1 × 3 m band of intertidal beach. Losses (mortality + emigration) were highest during the brief planktonic phase or shortly after settlement to the benthos; we estimated that about 97.5% of the live trilobites on the beaches were lost during their transition to epibenthic trilobites on the intertidal flats. Newly settled horseshoe crab juveniles were not dependent on a specific sediment type, but tended to be more abundant close to shore. After settlement, there was about a log-fold decrease in juvenile density with each molt from the second through the fourth instar. Overall, only about 3 larvae per 100 000 re- mained as fourth instar juveniles on the tidal flats at the end of their first summer. Our ability to ex- trapolate future adult year-class strengths based on young-of-the-year densities is limited, because 9 to 10 yr are required for horseshoe crabs to reach sexual maturity.

Distribution, abundance, and survivorship of young-of-the-year in a commercially exploited population of horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus