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Although landfills are a common method of solid-waste disposal, reports describing the impact of landfill leachate discharge on coastal surface-water quality are rare. In order to establish the impact of anthropogenically influenced groundwater seepage on a specific coastal marine ecosystem, a field campaign was conducted within North Sea Harbor (NSH), New York, USA, an embayment located northwest of, and down-gradient from, an unlined, municipal landfill. Most groundwater entering this system had modest seepage rates (0.020 to 1.18 cm h -1 ), was well- oxygenated (278 ± 128 µM), contained moderate levels of nitrate/nitrite (57 ± 26 µM) and ammonium (5.9 ± 13 µM), and had low dissolved organic carbon levels (DOC = 71 ± 21 µM). In contrast, ground- water entering the SE portion of NSH was indicative of a landfill leachate plume, with high ammo- nium (>1 mM), and DOC (520 ± 270 µM) levels, low oxygen (20.3 ± 15.3 µM) and nitrate/nitrite (11 ± 8.9 µM) concentrations, and elevated seepage rates (8.33 ± 4.54 cm h -1 ). Quantification of inorganic nitrogen fluxes revealed that seepage of this ammonium-rich groundwater accounted for ~80% of the inorganic N supply to the embayment receiving the discharge. The water column adja- cent to this landfill-influenced groundwater seepage exhibited high levels of ammonium (61.7 ± 69.3 µM) and chlorophyll (8.4 ± 4.1 µg l -1 ), and hosted a microphytoplankton community that was comprised primarily of dinoflagellates and was N-replete. This contrasted with neighboring, non- leachate-influenced areas which had low ammonium (0.6 ± 0.6 µM) and chlorophyll (1.7 ± 0.7 µg l -1 ) levels and an N-limited microphytoplankton community dominated by diatoms. In summary, these results demonstrate that discharge of groundwater containing landfill leachate may be a significant, long-term eutrophication process in coastal environments.

Impacts of anthropogenically influenced groundwater seepage on water chemistry and phytoplankton dynamics within a coastal marine system