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An increased incidence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) has been reported in nearshore coastal waters, including economically important aquaculture sites worldwide. This has generated interest in using ecologically inert clays as a means of mitigating HABs at relatively shallow enclosed mariculture sites. This proposed mitigation measure assumes that flocculation and accelerated sedi- mentation of large algal cells (dinoflagellates) occurs with the application of clays. The objective of the current research was to characterize suspended clay-algal interactions and in situ particle size in a laboratory application of the phosphatic clay IMC-P (1.8 µm mean equivalent spherical diameter, ESD) to a simulated Heterocapsa triquetra (14.7 µm mean ESD) bloom. Flow speed was adjusted to provide 2 contrasting regimes (mimicking possible field conditions). This research was conducted in a recirculating flume and used a novel in situ device, the small volume particle microsampler (SVPM), for particle size characterization. Results indicated that 100% of the thecate dinoflagellate H. triquetra was removed in 48 h by IMC-P in a low-flow ( 13 cm s -1 ) regime. The mechanism for algal removal is equivocal since SVPM filter photographs indicated that clay aggregated to form particles >3 µm, but did not aggregate with algal cells under the experimental conditions tested. At this particle size, the clay aggregates become available for retention with 100% efficiency on the gills of suspension-feeding bivalves, which could be seriously affected by the increased particle flux to the bottom. The mecha- nism of cell removal by clays has not been identified; however, it may occur via direct effects of clay on cell surface properties and swimming ability. Further investigations on the removal mechanism are required to predict the fate of cells in a field application of clay.

Removal efficiency of the dinoflagellate Heterocapsa triquetra by phosphatic clay, and implications for the mitigation of harmful algal blooms