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Samples of Nassarius reticulatus (L.) were obtained from May to July 2000 on the W Por- tuguese coast. N. reticulatus imposex (superimposition of male characters onto female prosobranchs) increased with the proximity of harbours. The percentage of imposex-affected females (%I) varied between 0 and 100%. The penis length index (PLI) and the relative penis length index (RPLI) were between 0 and 10.7 mm and 0.0 and 92.1%, respectively. The vas deferens sequence index (VDSI) ranged from 0 to 5. The average oviduct stage (AOS) varied between 0.0 and 1.3. Sterile females (22 specimens) were found at 8 of the 40 sampling stations with frequencies between 5 and 50% of the total females sampled at each site. Sterility occurred only in females highly affected with impo- sex. Tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) female body burden varied from < 20 to 1368 and from <10 to 256 ng Sn g -1 dry weight (dry wt), respectively. The TPT residue was, on average, 18% of the TBT residue, and there was a highly significant correlation between TBT and lnTPT (r = 0.88, p < 0.001). Dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT) female body burden varied from < 34 to 721 and from < 24 to 703 ng Sn g -1 dry wt, respectively. TBT represented the major fraction (34 to 60%) of the total butyltins, followed by DBT (24 to 40%) and MBT (10 to 31%). Highly significant correlations (p < 0.001) were established between the lnTBT female residue and the indices RPLI (r = 0.88), VDSI(5) (r = 0.81) and AOS (r = 0.72), as well as between TBT and percentage female sterility (%STER) (r = 0.61).

Imposex, female sterility and organotin contamination of the prosobranch Nassarius reticulatus from the Portuguese coast