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In the western Pacific during 1998, coral bleach- ing, or the paling of corals through loss of pigmentation or loss of symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae), coincided with some of the warmest sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) on record. How- ever, there was considerable spatial variation in coral sur- vivorship; for example, corals of the same species at different locations around the Ryukyu Islands (Japan), within kilome- ters of each other, showed vastly different responses. Some locations experienced 100% coral mortality while other loca- tions, nearby, suffered little coral mortality. Here we show experimental evidence for high survivorship of Acropora dig- itifera coral colonies that were subjected to both high SSTs (ranging from 26.22 to 33.65°C) and high-water flow (50 to 70 cm s -1 ), while corals that were subjected to both high SSTs and low-water flow (2 to 3 cm s -1 ) showed low survivorship. All experiments were conducted under high irradiance (~95% photosynthetically active radiation). We also empiri- cally show that no coral mortality occurred when SSTs were below 30°C (ranging from 26.64 to 29.74°C) under similar flow regimes. The spatial differences in coral mortality during the 1998 bleaching event may have been, in part, a result of differences in water-flow rates that induced differential rates of passive diffusion, which varied among habitats.

Water-flow rates and passive diffusion partially explain differential survival of corals during the 1998 bleaching event