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Spatio-temporal aspects of spawning behaviour were investigated in a single school ofNorwegian spring-spawning herring Clupea harengus, and are explained by changes in the relativeimportance of reproduction, predation and feeding during spawning. Horizontal area, vertical extension,school shape and relative density were quantified using sonar and echosounder, and related togonad maturation stage and stomach fullness recorded from gillnet samples. The majority of the herringcompleted spawning within 3 d. During this period, the herring were feeding and predatory fishwere present in the area. An extended cylindrical school shape prior to spawning indicated that individualherring within the school had different depth preferences, with ripe individuals descendingtowards the spawning substrate on the bottom while immature individuals preferred the pelagicenvironment for safety and feeding. As the majority of the fish matured, the school segregated verticallyinto a pelagic component that contracted to a tight ball and a demersal component that spreadout in a flat layer on the bottom. Post-spawners seemed to return to the pelagic school. After spawning,the 2 components rejoined each other and formed a loose flake (i.e. loose, uneven layer) at thesurface. Schooling fish have traditionally been considered to make 1 of 3 behavioural decisions: tostay, join or leave a school. Waiting without losing contact with the rest of the school, ‘await’, is suggestedas a fourth option

Await in the pelagic: dynamic trade-off between reproduction and survival within a herring school splitting vertically during spawning