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Conservation programs often focus on studying extinction risks encountered by small populations and de- termining minimum population sizes below which they can- not recover. In certain cases, per capita rates of population growth become negative at low population density. This 'Allee effect' (or 'depensation') is rarely considered in marine systems. We conducted surveys of adult density, reproductive behavior, and spawning in natural populations of Caribbean queen conch Strombus gigas at 2 locations in the Exuma Cays, Bahamas, to test for Allee effects. Mating never occurred when density was < 56 conch ha -1 , and spawning never occurred at <48 conch ha -1 , clearly demonstrating the operation of depensatory mechanisms. Reproductive behav- ior then increased rapidly to asymptotes at densities near 200 conch ha -1 . Heavily exploited populations of queen conch in the Caribbean have been slow to recover despite fishery closures. Failure to recover could result from spawning stock densities that are reduced to the point at which Allee effects begin to operate on reproductive behavior.

Evidence for Allee effects in an over-harvested marine gastropod: density-dependent mating and egg production