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Using shipboard bioassays, we examined the roles rainfall, individual and combined nutrients play in accelerating primary production in coastal, Gulf Stream and pelagic (Sargasso Sea) locations in the North Atlantic Ocean off North Caroli.na, USA, from 1993 to 1995. Photosynthetic CO, fixation and net chlorophyll a (chl a) production were measured In replicated bioassays to assess individual and combined impacts of d~fferent constituents of atmospheric deposition, including natural rainfall, a synthetic rain mix, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN; NH,', NO3-), dssolved organlc nitrogen (DON; urea), phosphorus (POA3-) and iron (as EDTA-chelated and unchelated FeC13). Natural rainfall and DIN additions most often stimulated CO2 fixation and chl a production, but frequencies and magnitudes of biostimulation, relative to controls, varied between these indicators. Spatial differences in the types and magnitudes of stimulation were also observed. When added in equimolar amounts, NH.,' was, at times, more stimulatory than NO<. The NOT stimulation was significantly enhanced by Fe-EDTA. Urea was marginally stimulatory at the coastal location. Pod3was never stimulatory. Fe-EDTA and EDTA by themselves stimulated production only at the offshore locations, suggesting increased Fe limitation with increasing distance from land. Synthetic rain, which contained both sources of DIN, but not Fe, generally proved less stimulatory per unit N than natural rainfall. Results lndlcate a broad sensitivity of these waters to N additions, which in the case of NOT are enhanced by Fe-EDTA. At all locations, the h ~ g h level of stimulation of primary production attributable to natural rain may be due to the supply of both DIN and CO-limiting nutnents (e.g. Fe), contributing to the eutroph~cation potential of waters downwind of urban, industrial and agricultural emissions.

Rainfall stimulation of primary production in western Atlantic Ocean waters:roles of different nitrogen sources and co-limiting nutrients