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Cover of and the number of species in encrusting macrobenthic assemblages inhabiting temperate rocky reefs irI the vicinity of an ocean outfall changed rapidly followirlg the discharge of secondary treated sewage effluent. Within 3 mo of the commissionirlg of the outfall, significant reductions irI the cover of crustose and foliose algae were apparent when this outfall area was compared to 2 reference locations. The cover of several species of sponge, irlcludirlg Cymbastela concentrica, Geodinella sp. and Spongia sp., also underwent marked declines coirlcident with the commissionirlg of the outfall. Only 1 category of cover irlcreased significantly at the outfall; this was a nondescript matrix comprisirlg silt and microorganisms, which doubled its representation to almost 60 %. We did not detect significant declines irI the cover and number of species of sponges or total fauna, however. A 'Beyond BAC!' experimental design was used to determine the environmental impact because of the great spatial and temporal variability irI these shallow water (-20 m) encrusting communities. Photographic samples were taken irl3 periods, the first pre-commissionirlg and the other 2 post-cornmissionirlg. Multivariate analyses revealed marked shifts in the structure of the assemblage at the outfall relative to the reference locations; these shifts were clearly depicted by a non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (nMDS) plot. A SIMPER analysis confirmed that the overall composition of the community at the outfall changed from one irI which algae and sponges were well represented to an assemblage dominated by

Rapid changes in encrusting marine assemblages exposed to anthropogenic point-source pollution:a 'Beyond BACI' approach