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Primary production is nitrogen limited in most salt marshes with the possible exception of those impacted by high anthropogenic inputs of nitrogen. It is hypothesized that mature salt marshes which receive only small inputs of 'new' nitrogen from the atmosphere, surface water runoff, groundwater, tidal creek, and nitrogen-fixation will have a conservative nitrogen cycle. We have developed a process-based N mass balance model for a short-form Spartina alterniflora marsh in Virginia, USA. Data for the model included rates of gross mineralization, nitrification, denitrification, nitrogen fixation, aboveand belowground macrophyte production, and benthic microalgal production. The annual balance between sources (mineralization, nitrogen fixation, tidal creek flux, atmospheric deposition, and sediment input) and sinks (aboveand belowground macrophyte uptake, sedlment microalgal uptake, sediment burial, microbial immobilization, denitnfication, and nitrificat~on) of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) was determined for both interior S. alterniflora-vegetated sites and unvegetated creek bank sites. Sed imen tha te r exchanges of DIN species, predicted by results of the mass balance analysis, were compared to measured exchanges. Annually, sources and sinks of DIN in the vegetated marsh were in close balance. The vegetated marsh imported DIN from the adjacent creek during most of the year; the unvegetated creek bank exported NH,to overlying tidal water during July and imported NH,' during other seasons. The net flux of DIN wds 5 7 g N m-' yr-l from overlying water into the marsh; however, this flux was small relative to rates of internal N-cycling processes. The sediment NH,+ pool turned over rapidly as a result of the high rate of gross mineralization (84 g N m-'yr.'). Other microbial N-cycling rates were low (0 6 to 4 g N m-2 yr-l). The NH,+ supplied by mineralization was more than sufficient to support both macrophyte (33 g N m-2 yr-l) and benthic microalgal (5 g N m-' yr.') uptake. We propose that in order to maintain steady state in the system approximately half of the DIN mineralized is immobilized into a readily remineralizable particulate organic N pool. Since rnineralization and macrophyte uptake are temporally out of phase, the labile organic N pool may serve to temporarily sequester NH4' until it is required for plant uptake.

Development of a process-based nitrogen mass balance model for a Virginia (USA) Spartina alterniflora salt marsh:implications for net DIN flux