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25 Planktonic larvae of the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) are able to regulate their vertical 26 position in the water, but the environmental cues responsible for this regulation, particularly in 27 turbulent settings, remain unclear. We quantified swimming responses of late-stage oyster 28 larvae in a grid-stirred turbulence tank to determine how light affects the swimming behavior of 29 larvae over a range of hydrodynamic conditions similar to their natural coastal environments. 30 We used particle image velocimetry and larval tracking to isolate larval swimming from local 31 flow and to quantify three behavioral metrics: vertical swimming direction, proportion of larvae 32 diving, and proportion of larvae swimming helically. We compared these metrics across 33 Oyster larvae respond to light 2 turbulence levels ranging from still water ( = 0 cm s) to estuarine-like conditions ( = 0.4 cm 34 s) in light and dark. In all turbulence levels, light had no effect on the proportion of upward 35 swimming larvae, but elicited detectable increases in the proportion of helical swimming and 36 diving behaviors. We further examined the effect of light and turbulence on specific 37 characteristics of helical trajectories, and found that these environmental cues induce changes to 38 both vertical and horizontal velocities of helically swimming larvae, changing the helix 39 geometry. The increased prevalence of these behaviors in light likely plays an ecological role: 40 increased diving in light (in conjunction with turbulence) is a potential mechanism to enhance 41 settlement success, while changes to helical swimming in light may serve an anti-predatory 42 function. Together, these behaviors provide insight into potentially complex larval responses to 43 multiple simultaneous environmental cues. 44 45 46

Light stimulates swimming behavior of larval eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica in turbulent flow