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10 Two common forms of variation that may influence consumptive and non-consumptive 11 effects differently are how the biomass of predators is allocated among individual predators (e.g., 12 several small vs few large predators) and how predators are spaced throughout a community. 13 We analyzed how varying the presence, biomass (density, size, and total biomass), and distance 14 to crown conchs (Melongena corona) impacted growth in eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) 15 grown in field conditions. The presence of predators decreased growth (new shell added and 16 mass) and increased shell thickness in a 58-day experiment. Although these effects were more 17 pronounced as predator density increased, total predator biomass and predator size had limited 18 impact on the strength of non-consumptive effects. The allocation of total oyster mass between 19 shell and tissue was also not impacted by predator treatments. Results from a 96-day study 20 examining the range of these effects indicated that they may exist only over short distances or 21 change as oysters grow, as oysters at varying distances from a caged predator showed no 22 differences in growth traits. These results show that non-consumptive interactions in oyster reef 23 communities may be highly non-linear in regards to predator community structure and exposure 24 distance and indicate these factors may be important in determining the impact of non25 consumptive effects in other communities. Our growth data also show that non-consumptive 26 effects may have major impacts on oyster growth under normal aquaculture conditions and 27 suggest that these effects may need to be considered in management efforts. 28

Caged oysters still get scared: Predator presence and density influence growth in oysters, but only at very close ranges