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When gene flow is limited and harvesting is intensive, fishing may alter life histories and favour trait combinations that collectively reduce adult body size. However, empirical evidence of downsizing of adults in small-bodied coastal fish is still scarce, in part due to the lack of knowledge about the selective nature of certain fishing gears, such as recreational angling, and the difficulties in estimating the dispersion of pelagic early-life stages. Using the small-bodied sedentary coastal marine fish Serranus scriba as a model, we first empirically show that recreational angling selects for life-history traits (i.e. increased reproductive investment) that promote downsizing of adults. Second, using Lagrangian particle dispersion modelling, we show how local hydrodynamics generates patterns of limited connectivity and the emergence of meta-population structure. Finally, the life histories presently observed in isolated populations of S. scriba that experienced differential fishing pressure matched expectations of fishing-induced downsizing of adult body size. Body size is an important trait in aquatic food webs, and evolutionary downsizing might have unforeseen consequences. From a precautionary perspective, maintaining the metapopulation structure and the full range of genotypes inherent in them is important, even for smallbodied, geographically restricted fish species that are mainly harvested by recreational anglers. © Inter-Research 2014.The present study was partially financed by the research project CONFLICT (grant no. CGL2008-00958) and REC2 (grant no. CTM2011-23835), both funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competiveness (MINECO). J.A. was supported by an FPI fellowship (MINECO), and A.J. was supported by a Ramón y Cajal grant (MIMECO). We also thank the people of the National Park of Cabrera (sampling was performed within the framework of the research project ROQUER grant no.CTM2005-00283). R.A. received funding from the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) through the Program for Social-Ecological Research for the project Besatzfisch (grant no. 01UU0907). The finalization of the study was made possible by the BTypes project funded through the Leibniz Competition (SAW-2013-IGB-2) to R.A. and a Marie Curie Post Doc grant to J.A. (FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF, grant no. 327160)Peer Reviewe

Selective exploitation of spatially structured coastal fish populations by recreational anglers may lead to evolutionary downsizing of adults