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15 páginas, 7 figuras, 5 tablas.Recurrent introductions of non-indigenous species generate novel interactions that\udvary with local conditions and the composition of the receiving community. Most studies examine\udrelationships of newcomers with native species, but interactions among introduced species could\udalso affect community shifts. As early ontogenetic stages are particularly vulnerable to biotic interactions,\udwe explored direct and indirect interactions across early life-history stages in space-dominating\udmarine invertebrates. We used introduced ascidians and both native and introduced\udmussels. To increase generality, we ran our experiments in 2 distant locations, one in the northern\udand one in the southern hemisphere (Mediterranean and South Africa). We found no sperm interference\udbetween the ascidians, nor were there interspecific effects on settlement or metamorphosis\udsuccess. However, larvae of the ascidian species reacted to each other by shifting from aggregated\udto random settlement. Juvenile mussels consumed large numbers of ascidian larvae, though larvae\udthat avoided mussel predation showed higher settlement success. Mussel species in the southern\udhemisphere locality (native Perna perna and introduced Mytilus galloprovincialis) consumed more\udascidian larvae than mussels in the northern locality (native M. galloprovincialis), with a tendency\udfor ascidian larvae to avoid settling close to mussels in the northern locality. We conclude that larval\udconsumption by mussels affects the establishment of ascidians, but that the magnitude of this effect\udis context dependant. These results emphasize the importance of the composition of the receiving\udcommunity in determining its susceptibility to invasion. Whether the species comprising this community\udare native or introduced is, however, less important than what manner of species they are.This research was funded by\udproject CTM2010-22218 of the Spanish Government and by\udthe South African Research Chairs Initiative of the Department of Science and Technology and the National Research\udFoundation. V.O. was supported by a FPU PhD scholarship\ud(AP2008/04209) from the Spanish Ministerio de Educación.\udThe authors are part of the research groups 2009SGR-636\udand 2009SGR-484 of the Generalitat de Catalunya (Spain).\udThe research leading to these results has received funding\udfrom the European Union Seventh Framework Programme\ud(FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no. PIOF-GA-2009-\ud254634 to M.R.Peer reviewe

Early biotic interactions among introduced and native benthic species reveal cryptic predation and shifts in larval behaviour