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The redbelly yellowtail fusilier Caesio cuning has a tropical Indo-West Pacific range that straddles the Coral Triangle, a region of dynamic geological history and the highest marine biodiversity on the planet. Previous genetic studies in the Coral Triangle indicate the presence of multiple limits to connectivity. However, these studies have focused almost exclusively on benthic, reef-dwelling species. Schooling, reef-associated fusiliers (Perciformes: Caesionidae) account for a sizable portion of the annual reef catch in the Coral Triangle, yet to date, there have been no in- depth studies on the population structure of fusiliers or other mid-water, reef-associated plankti- vores across this region. We evaluated the genetic population structure of C. cuning using a 382 bp segment of the mitochondrial control region amplified from over 620 fish sampled from 33 localities across the Philippines and Indonesia. Phylogeographic analysis showed that individuals sampled from sites in western Sumatra belong to a distinct Indian Ocean lineage, resulting in pro- nounced regional structure between western Sumatra and the rest of the Coral Triangle (ΦCT = 0.4796, p < 0.004). We found additional significant population structure between central Southeast Asia and eastern Indonesia (ΦCT = 0.0450, p < 0.001). These data in conjunction with spatial analy- ses indicate that there are 2 major lineages of C. cuning and at least 3 distinct management units across the region. The location of genetic breaks as well as the distribution of divergent haplo- types across our sampling range suggests that current oceanographic patterns could be contribut- ing to observed patterns of structure.

Pronounced genetic structure in a highly mobile coral reef fish, Caesio cuning, in the Coral Triangle