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The Japan Sea is a semi-isolated marginal sea connected to the Pacific by 4 shallow straits. The only important current flowing Into this sea today is the warm Tsushima Current entering through the southern strait. Between 20000 and 10000 yr ago, the cold Oyashio Current flowed into the Japan Sea through its northern straits. The epipelagic chaetognath Sagitta elegans was introduced into this sea during this period, but shallow straits prevented the invasion of deep-sea chaetognaths. All other chaetognath species were introduced into this sea by the warm current within the last 10000 yr and inhabit the epipelagic layer. S. elegans is distributed as deep as 1000 m or more, but feeding activity is low in the deep water. The size and number of grasping splnes and teeth of the Japan Sea specimens are larger than those from the Pacific. They have also developed intestinal tissue containing oil droplets, like mesoand bathypelagic specles. These features are adaptations to the deep-water environment. The vertical dispersal of S. elegans is facilitated by the absence of competitors such as Eukrohnia hamata, E. fowleri and S. macrocephala in this marginal sea.

Deep-sea adaptation of the epipelagic chaetognath Sagitta elegans in the Japan Sea