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Ecosystem engineering is an important process influencing the structure and function of eco - systems worldwide. Geographic variation in a species' engineering processes can thus have important impli- cations for spatial heterogeneity in ecosystem function. In this study I explore geographic variability in the en- gineering properties of an important organism in marine sedimentary habitats, the polychaete Diopatra cuprea. In the Northwest Atlantic, D. cuprea facilitates benthic communities by creating predation refugia and substrate—both density-dependent processes— and by actively attaching macroalgae to its tube. D. cuprea's ecosystem-engineering properties thus arise from both its abundance and its behavior. I show that both components of D. cuprea engineering decrease precipitously at low latitudes. I assess the relationship between these patterns and a suite of environmental parameters, finding that northern versus southern sites cluster separately in multivariate environmental space and that temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH may contribute to both D. cuprea abundance and the biomass of facilitated algae. I present evidence that southern D. cuprea populations may be affected by post-recruitment mortality more severely than north- ern populations. Finally, I experimentally demonstrate that D. cuprea's failure to facilitate algae in its south - ern range is not due to latitudinal differences in algal availability, acceptability or retain ability, but rather is a behavioral shift driven by still-unknown factors. This study demonstrates dramatic geographic variability in both D. cuprea's density—with strong implications for its density-dependent engineering functions—and D. cuprea's algal facilitation. Disentangling the mech- anisms underlying such variability is an important goal for understanding spatial heterogeneity in the structure and function of North west Atlantic shallow- water sedimentary systems. The polychaete Diopatra cuprea (left), an ecosystem engi- neer, typically decorates its tube with algae (top right)— except in Florida (bottom right). Photos: S. Berke OPENEN ACCESSCESS

Biogeographic variability in ecosystem engineering: patterns in the abundance and behavior of the tube-building polychaete Diopatra cuprea