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Macrozooplankton plays a key role in pelagic ecosystems as a link between lowertrophic levels and fish. However, although its ecological role is usually considered in polar ecosystems,it is rarely considered in temperate ones. To obtain comprehensive information on themacrozooplankton distribution in the Bay of Biscay we adapted a bi-frequency acoustic methoddeveloped for the Humboldt Current system. This method can be used to extract continuous andsimultaneous high-resolution information on the spatiotemporal patterns of biomass distributionsof macrozooplankton and pelagic fish throughout the diel cycle. The 2 distributions were mappedusing geostatistical techniques. We applied kriging with external drifts, which accounts for bothdiel and across-shore changes in macrozooplankton biomass. We then used a cross-variogram todetermine the scale-dependent relationships between macrozooplankton and fish. The resultsshow how macrozooplankton and fish are distributed according to the different ecologicaldomains (coast, shelf, shelf-break and offshore) along the Spanish and French coasts. Specificmacrozooplankton hotspots were observed, but macrozooplankton was generally more abundantoffshore than inshore, whereas fish showed the opposite trend. This pattern was confirmed by theaggregation sizes, which increased towards oceanic waters for macrozooplankton and decreasedfor fish. Finally, the correlation between fish and macrozooplankton was positive on a small scale(<30 nautical miles) and negative on a large scale (>30 nautical miles)

Spatial patterns and scale-dependent relationships between macrozooplankton and fish in the Bay of Biscay: an acoustic study