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Coastal upwelling ecosystems provide the bulk of the world's fishery yields, but the bio- chemical ecology of the species that make up these fisheries has, surprisingly, been ignored. Bio- chemical indicators can provide a mechanistic, ecosystem-based link between population and ecosystem dynamics. Here we investigated long-term, inter-annual changes in the proximate compo- sition and energetic condition of European sardine Sardina pilchardus and its relationship with oceanographic conditions in the Western Iberian Upwelling Ecosystem. Energy density (ED) ranged between 4.0 and 14.2 kJ g -1 , and the seasonal cycle largely determined temporal variability, explain- ing >80% of the observed variation. ED variations were also closely linked with water (total R 2 = 99.0% in whole body; total R 2 = 95.0% in muscle) and lipid dynamics (total R 2 = 99.6% in whole body; total R 2 = 92.5% in muscle). After adjusting for seasonality (rED) and restricting the temporal analy- sis to the end of the feeding period (August to October), spring/early-summer oceanographic condi- tions explained 67% of the late-summer energetic peak. Interestingly, the sardine rED peak in year (t) explained >54.4% of the variation in the annual catches of year (t + 1), indicating that adult ener- getic condition during spawning is partially translated into the fishery through parental effects in recruitment strength. Our results support earlier findings indicating that sardine population dynam- ics seem to be controlled by bottom-up effects, but the linkages between population dynamics and patterns in environmental variability via physiological condition seem to have previously been over- looked. We also provide empirical evidence that biochemical assessments during critical periods of the life-cycle of fish are essential in understanding the population dynamics of coastal upwelling ecosystems and in developing a more solid basis for stock management and conservation.

Bioenergetics of small pelagic fishes in upwelling systems: relationship between fish condition, coastal ecosystem dynamics and fisheries