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11 pages, 4 figures, 2 tablesIntensive harvesting has caused important shifts in the size structure of the Mediterranean red coral Corallium rubrum, and continues to hinder the total recovery of exploited populations. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) offer an excellent opportunity to observe their recovery in the absence of fishing pressures. In this study, we analysed the demographic structure of red coral populations from 3 of the oldest Mediterranean MPAs. The population structures at the beginning of each reserve and after 30 yr of similar management efforts were also forecasted. The 3 MPAs displayed higher size values than those reported for most of the shallow populations and deep-dwelling populations. Differences in the observed size distributions were more closely related to the structure at the beginning of the reserve than to the number of years of protection. The estimated future size distributions showed a significant increase in large colonies; however, the maximum values predicted are far from those measured in pristine populations. Comparisons of harvested and protected populations using different parameters allowed us to identify the percentages of colonies with basal diameter greater than 7 mm or colony height greater than 100 mm as the most useful descriptors for evaluating the conservation status of each population. The vulnerability of long-lived marine invertebrates to disturbances is due to their slow population dynamics, hence the importance of active management within MPAs to promote delayed but long-term positive effects on these species. This study provides helpful information for the evaluation of the effectiveness of management measures for coral populationsC.L. was funded by a postdoctoral fellowship from the ‘Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación’ of Spain. This study was funded by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (Medchange project)Peer Reviewe

Marine Protected Areas and the conservation of long-lived marine invertebrates: the Mediterranean red coral