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We examined the influence of both season and hydrographic and meteorological factors on seabird abundance in the southern North Sea. Seabirds were counted from ships in a study area of 27.8 × 32.8 km on 407 d from 1990 to 2007. Two hydrographic and 5 meteorological parameters were taken from archived data. The relationships between bird abundance and abiotic parameters were investigated by generalised additive models for 3 distinct seasons. The species in the study area exhibited different seasonal patterns. While some species were present year-round, others occurred only at certain periods. Despite these substantial changes in abundances, the nature of the inter- actions between bird abundances and abiotic parameters did not vary much between seasons. All 5 meteorological and 2 hydrographic parameters significantly influenced the abundance of seabird species, though to a different degree. The single factors that most often had a significant influence in the single models were wind field, sea surface temperature anomaly, sea surface salinity anomaly and air pressure change. The quantitative composition of the seabird community differed signifi- cantly between onshore wind and offshore wind conditions. It is assumed that hydrographic para- meters are relevant for the birds by determining their foraging habitats and that atmospheric para- meters influence flight conditions during foraging and migration.

Effects of hydrographic and meteorological factors on seasonal seabird abundance in the southern North Sea