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The population dynamics of cephalopods are poorly understood because intra-specific\udsize-at-age is characteristically variable. Much of the variation observed is attributed to temperature\udand food, but other generally overlooked factors such as hatchling size and inherent growth capacities\udalso affect size-at-age. In the present paper, we investigated the relative influence of the principal\udabiotic (environmental temperature) and biotic (food consumption, hatchling size, inherent\udgrowth capacity) factors affecting size-at-age in immature octopus. Using a bioenergetics model and\udsize-at-age data of wild-caught immature Octopus pallidus, we simulated the juvenile growth trajectories\udof individuals hatched in different seasons (summer, autumn and winter) based on food availability,\udmetabolism, environmental temperature and individual variability, under an assumption of 2-\udphase growth. Simulations predict that the effect of hatchling size on size-at-age was secondary to\udthat of inherent growth capacity. Projections suggest that wild immature populations comprise a mixture\udof individuals displaying exponential growth and 2-phase growth and that the proportion of each\uddepends primarily on the individuals’ inherent growth capacities and food availability. High food\udintake was projected to decrease the number of individuals displaying 2-phase growth by delaying\udthe transition between the 2 growth phases, resulting in larger individuals. Overall, individuals\udhatched in summer grew to larger sizes and matured earlier than individuals hatched in autumn or\udwinter, independent of food availability. The size-at-age distribution of the summer and autumn\udcohorts tended to become bimodal under certain food intake levels, which highlights the importance\udof coupling size data with accurate age estimates in future octopus population studies

Modelling size-at-age in wild immature female octopus: a bioenergetics approach