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Several studies have failed to detect sig- nificant changes in chl a content of the water column in the vicinity of fish farms despite the large amount of nutrient wastes discharged into the marine envi- ronment. To trace the fate of these disappearing (or 'ghost') nutrients, experiments using dialysis bags deployed in situ along gradients of nutrient enrich- ment (at different distances from cage fish farms) were carried out at 2 coastal locations in the eastern Mediterranean. The productivity of the water column decreased with distance from the nutrient discharge point, as indicated by the chl a content found in the dialysis bags. However, comparison of the results from bioassays with and without grazer exclusion showed that grazing plays a key role in regulating phytoplankton biomass, keeping chl a at very low levels and effectively transferring nutrients up the food web. The fact that this type of response was found in otherwise oligotrophic conditions is proba- bly due to the structure of the phytoplankton com- munity in such areas, which is based on small cell- size primary producers that can be easily grazed on by planktonic ciliates.

‘Ghost nutrients’ from fish farms are transferred up the food web by phytoplankton grazers