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Our knowledge of the response of phytoplankton to climate change is restricted by the lack of phytoplankton long-term studies, especially those reporting species data. To circumvent this problem, we combined recent data from sampling at monitoring sites with old bibliographic data. The study was conducted on the genus Ceratium (planktonic dinoflagellates) in the NW Mediterranean, as numerous studies have been conducted in the area since the beginning of the 20th century. In ad- dition, species of this highly diverse genus are known to be particularly sensitive to water tempera- ture, and should thus be responsive to global warming. The temporal distribution of Ceratium species over the last century showed a progressive disappearance from the surface layer of likely stenother- mic species, which may have moved to deeper layers in response to water warming, along with a de- crease of species richness during the annual cycle. Seasonal and phenological aspects of Ceratium assemblages were also affected, as illustrated by the earlier timing in the minimum of richness. A change in the overall species assemblage also occurred from past to present in the Ligurian Sea, sug- gesting a warming in this area consistent with the development in surface water temperatures. Our results suggest that Ceratium species may constitute good biological indicators of warming in the NW Mediterranean Sea. In addition, the present study showed the importance of time-series data and the value of historical literature as the basis for ecological studies of long-term trends needed to substan- tiate our current understanding of the impact of global change on marine biodiversity.

Phytoplankton biodiversity and NW Mediterranean Sea warming: changes in the dinoflagellate genus Ceratium in the 20th century