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A simple benthic chamber, with a flexible membrane to allow for wave-induced interstitial water flow, is described. The membrane has a low permeability to oxygen, compared to other materials previously employed in chamber studies. Polyethylene and latex rubber (condoms) are highly permeable to oxygen and clearly unsuitable for oxygen-related studies. Glass syringes tested for oxygen permeability were far superior to plastic syringes, the latter being completely inappropriate even in short-term studies. A study at Kings Beach. South Africa, using chambers with flexible membranes showed that oxygen consumption was significantly higher in chambers with flexible tops (p <0.005) than in chambers with solid tops. The difference in the respective fluxes [18.5 2 2 7 (95 CI) compared to 10.7 f 4.6 m1 O2 m-2 h' ] was positively correlated with the effect of wave action at this medium energy exposed beach. Use of chambers with solid tops could result in underestimates in oxygen consumption of >50% at the study site. It is concluded that wave action, with its resultant interstitial water flow, can significantly affect the oxygen consun~ption of shallow water sediments.

In situ benthic oxygen fluxes in a near-shore coastal marine system: a new approach to quantify the effect of wave action