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Identifying the sources of variation in traits of larvae is one of the first steps in interpreting\udthe role of phenotypic variation in recruitment. We examined the contributions of geographic\udsource and parentage to phenotypic variation in offspring traits in a gadid, Microgadus tomcod, from\ud2 contrasting yet nearby locations. Adults were collected from the Hudson River (HR), a polluted\udriverine estuary with strong freshwater and tidal fluxes, and Shinnecock Bay (SB), a relatively clean\udbarrier beach and lagoon system with minimal freshwater inflows. Eggs were stripped from fish in\udthe laboratory and incubated in a common environment. Female and offspring traits varied substantially\udbetween populations. Females from SB had a higher ovary weight and gonado-somatic index\ud(GSI) relative to body length, and produced larger eggs. Contrary to expectation, higher female condition\uddid not result in larvae of better condition. SB offspring had smaller yolk reserves at hatch and\udwere less resistant to starvation than offspring from HR, though size at hatching did not differ\udbetween the 2 populations. SB offspring took 25% longer to hatch, thereby increasing dependence\udon yolk reserves as embryos. This may represent a trade-off in time to hatching versus quality at\udhatching in tomcod from different environments. Geographic source accounted for more variance\udthan maternal effects in time to hatch (90%) and yolk volume at hatch (42%). Maternal influence\udaccounted for more variance in egg diameter (90%), length at hatch (33%) and starvation resistance\ud(30%), though none of these measures was correlated to female size or age. These results emphasize\uddifferences in early life history traits across a small geographic scale and the extent to which offspring\uddifferences due to maternal effects depend on the local environment

Maternal effects vary between source populations in the Atlantic tomcod Microgadus tomcod