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Microzooplankton, on average, ingested 10 times more phytoplankton productivity than Acartia tonsa, which dominates the mesozooplankton community in Apalachicola Bay, Florida, USA. Microzooplankton ingested 75% of phytoplankton productivity during winter and summer, respectively. Ciliates, particularly ciliates 50%) component of the microzooplankton diet during the summer high produc- tivity period. Because microzooplankton are prey for organisms occupying higher trophic levels, such as copepods, fish larvae, and oysters, we propose that energy and mass flows mainly from phyto- plankton through microzooplankton to higher trophic levels in Apalachicola Bay. A reduction in dis- charge from the Apalachicola River during our study period led to reductions in rates of grazing, ingestion, and productivity of microzooplankton at a particular salinity. Reduced river discharge also increased the areal extent of higher salinity water where ingestion and productivity of microzoo- plankton were relatively low. Because microzooplankton are key constituents of the estuarine food web in Apalachicola Bay, upstream water diversion that increases the areal extent of higher salinity water in the bay, can be expected to lower microzooplankton productivity and therefore reduce higher trophic level productivity in the bay.

Microzooplankton: major herbivores in an estuarine planktonic food web