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Fertilized clam eggs Mercenaria mercenaria were exposed to bis (tributy1)tin oxide (TBT) dissolved in seawater. Nominal initial exposure concentrations were 10, 25, 50, 100, 250 and 500 ng 1-'. Dosing protocol was d d y renewal of static solutions. Chemical analysis indicated that initial dissolved TBT concentrations in seawater exposure solutions were ca 80 % of nominal ones, but after 24 h, they fell to 20 to 30 % of initial values. Effects of duration of exposure were also tested. One set of M. rnercenaria larvae was exposed for 14 d. A second group ('recovery group') was exposed to all TBT concentrations for the first 5 d of development and then maintained in uncontaminated seawater for the next 9 d. Sunrival of TBT-exposed groups tended to be somewhat lower than that for controls, but declines were not consistently exposure dependent. At concentrations tested, TBT had 2 main effects: (1) mean valve length of veligers and postlarvae consistently declined with increasing TBT exposure, and (2 ) veligers in exposures of 100 ng 1-' and greater did not develop to pedivellgers within the 14 d exposure period. Absence of metamorphosis in groups that failed to grow well implies a causality between gross growth and metamorphosis, with TBT acting primarily on the former to influence the latter. Responses of groups exposed for 5 or 14 d were statistically different after 14 d , suggesting that, although slow, recovery from adverse effects of TBT occurs after exposure ceases.

Chronic embryo-larval toxicity of tributyltin (TBT) to the hard shell clam Mercenaria mercenaria