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Captive-born twin gray seals Halicherus grypus were hand-reared to weaning at 30 d postparturn. Two artificial formulas were used, starting on Days 1 and 11, respectively. Supplemental force-feeding with whole fish started on Day 9. The pups were trained to bottle-feed from the beginning, and regulated their own intake of formula. No suckling pattern was evident. Proximate analyses of the formulas and raw fish were performed, and the total daily energy requirements were calculated. Regression analysis of daily change in body weight on kilocaloric intake per metabolic body weight (kcal kg7 5 ) yielded the equation Y , body kg, = 0.464 + 0.00128X (kcal kg-.7S) in which ? = 0.49. Maintenance gross energy requirement ( Y = 0) was 362 kcal kg-' of metabolic weight, indicating a minimum need of 2775-3185 kcal d-l. Total kilocalories consumed each day showed a bell-shaped pattern, being highest in the third week. Diarrhea was mild but chronic, which probably resulted in overestimation of the maintenance gross energy requirement. The rearing formulas were inadequate to promote normal growth, despite the addition of fish, and incremental weight gain was considerably less than in wlld pups. Results indicate that environmental pressures may be more limiting than composition of the diet.

Hand-Rearing of Twin Gray Seals (Halichoerus grypus) from Birth to Weaning