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Plurizoids of Desmotrichum undulatum (J. Ag.) Reinke, grow into microthalli bearing macrothalli under a wide range of temperature (4 "-30 "C) and light conditions: short day (SD) 1000, 2000, 4000 Lux; long day (LD) 500, 1000, 2000 Lux. At 35 "C microthalli die. It is mainly the temperature which modifies the n~orphological expression of the macrothallus: (1) Higher temperatures (ca 20 "-30 "C) support the development of uniseriate macrothalli; lower temperatures (ca 4 "-16 "C) of pluriseriate ribbon-like thalli; and intermediate temperatures (ca 16 "-20 "C) of proximally pluriseriate and distally umseriate macrothalli. These morphological expressions form a graded series. (2) Higher temperatures promote the growth rate of macrotalli; the rapid growth is soon overtaken by intense zoidogeneses which ends the vegetative growth of very small microthalli. (3) Temperature influences the time span before the onset of zoidogenesis; the time span varies from ca 1 week at 20 "C to ca 13 weeks at 4 "C. The result is that at lower temperatures (4 "-12 "C) the final macrothalli size is much larger than at higher temperatures, not withstanding a lower growth rate. Under short-day conditions the onset of zoidogenesis IS advanced, particularly so at lower temperatures. Therefore, the largest macrothalli are formed at lower temperatures and under long-day conditions; this corresponds to late spring in nature. Maximum microthalli length in culture (at 8 "C) was ca 60 cm Such macrothalli conform to the description of Punctaria latifolia also in other respects. Therefore D, undulatum (including D. balticum and D scopulorum) is thought to be synonymous with P. latifolia. The seasonal occurrence of macrothalli (winter-spring) and the geographic distribution are in accordance with results obtained in culture.

The Life History of Desmotrichum undulatum (Phaeophyceae) and Its Regulation by Temperature and Light Conditions