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Defining sub-populations and determining migration rates between them is crucial for sound management and conservation. This also applies to the Atlantic walrus Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus, which is still exploited although population levels are low in some cases and information on abundance is lacking in others. Analysis of muscle and skin tissues using 11 nuclear microsatellite markers from a total of 297 Atlantic walruses from the Hudson Strait across W, NW and E Greenland to Svalbard and Franz Josef Land was undertaken to determine the number of sub-populations, their ancestral origin and the contemporary rates and directions of migration (gene flow) between the var- ious areas. The study indicated the existence of 5 sub-populations in the Hudson Strait, W Greenland, NW Greenland, E Greenland and Franz Josef Land-Svalbard. Identification of the Hudson Strait sub- population was novel; although differences between animals here and in W Greenland were small, they were statistically significant and indicated that walruses in the Hudson Strait could be a popu- lation source for walruses for the W Greenland sub-population. The direction of migration (Hudson Strait to W Greenland) suggested a genetic signal from a historical large-scale counter-clockwise perennial migration pattern in the Baffin Bay region. The study provides essential information on population sub-structuring that is a prerequisite for management of Atlantic walruses at sustainable levels.

Genetic signals of historic and recent migration between sub-populations of Atlantic walrus Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus west and east of Greenland