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Apparently normal Hawaiian green turtles Chelonia mydas and those d~splaying fibro- papillomas were analyzed for infection by retroviruses. Strikingly, all samples were positive for poly- merase enhanced reverse transcriptase (PERT) with levels high enough to quantitate by the conven- tional reverse transcriptase (RT) assay. However, samples of skin, even from asymptomatic turtles, were RT positive, although the levels of enzyme activity in healthy turtles hatched and raised in cap- tivity were much lower than those observed in asymptomatic free-ranging turtles. Turtles with fibro- papillomas displayed a broad range of reverse transcriptase activity. Skin and eye fibropapillomas and a heart tumor were further analyzed and shown to have reverse transcriptase activity that banded in a sucrose gradient at 1.17 g ml-l. The reverse transcriptase activity purified from the heart turnor dis- played a temperature optimum of 37°C and showed a preference for Mn2+ over Mg2+. Sucrose gradient fractions of this sample displaying elevated reverse transcriptase activity contained primarily retroviral- sized particles with prominent envelope spikes, when negatively stained and examined by electron microscopy. Sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis of gradient-purified virions revealed a conserved profile among 4 independent tumors and showed 7 prominent proteins having molecular weights of 116, 83, 51, 43, 40, 20 and 14 kDa. The data suggest that retroviral infections are widespread in Hawaiian green turtles and a comprehensive investigation is warranted to address the possibility that these agents cause green turtle fibropapillomatosis (GTFP).

Evidence for retrovirus infections in green turtles Chelonia mydas from the Hawaiian islands