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A total of 64 stranded cetaceans from the northeast USA and southeast Florida Gulf coastlines were sampled for bacteria during the period 1984 to 1990. Thirty-six individuals were dead when examined and 27 were alive but died shortly after stranding; one was released. Cultures were recovered from a variety of external and internal surfaces. Species of Vibrio were isolated from all Florida strandings; V. alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. damsela represented 35% of the total number of isolates (382). Vibrios were recovered from 10 individuals from the northeast; the 3 species above accounted for 17 % of the total (139) and were most common from strandings between May and September. Other bacteria which represented 2 5 " A of the total number of isolates in one or both areas included Edwardsiella tarda, A4organella/Proteus/Provjdencja spp. , Pseudornonas putrefaciens, and other pseudomonads. Some geographical differences were noted. The causes of individual cetacean strandings remain poorly understood despite the popular and scientific interests which the incidents attract. Microbial disease is a possible explanation and some generalized information is available (Hall et al. 1971, Cordes 1982, Simpson & Cornell 1983, Buck 1984, Baird et al. 1988, Martineau et al. 1988). In many cases, stranded carcasses have been too badly decomposed for adequate microbiological examination to establish one or more microbes a s the etiological agent of death. The ultimate death of hundreds of stranded Atlantic bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus along the eastern USA coast in 1987 may have involved several factors, including massive infection by opportunistic bacteria, particularly Vibrio spp., following immune suppression (Brody 1989, Smith 1990). The exact cause of death has not been shown unequivocally and hypotheses vary (Brody 1989, Geraci 1989, Smith 1990). However, it is recognized that species of Vibrio are extremely aggressive and dangerous to humans (Janda et al. 1988, West 1989). Vibrio species have been reported to cause B Inter-Research/Printed in Germany death and illness in dolphins (Tangredi & Medway 1980, Schroeder e t al. 1985, Fujioka et al. 1988, Palmer et al. 1989) and are found in apparently healthy marine mammals (Buck & Spotte 1986). We sampled a large number of stranded cetaceans and present herein results of microbiological studies for individuals found in 2 different geographical areas. The data in checklist form may be valuable in assessing previous observations on stranding deaths and examination of future occurrences. Materials and methods. A total of 64 cetaceans were sampled during the period 1984 to 1990 in 2 study areas; coastlines between Portland, Maine, and Atlantic City, New Jersey (29 individuals) and between Tampa and Ft. Myers, Florida (35 individuals). Thirtysix individuals were dead when examined and 27 were alive but died shortly after stranding; one was released. Several were maintained for a few hours in aquariums before subsequent death. Samples for bacteriological analysis were collected using Culturette I1 swabs (Marion Scientific Co., St. Louis, Missouri) from a variety of external and internal sites, depending on the condition of the cetacean studied and whether or not a necropsy was performed. Most swabs from the northeast region were processed within 6 h; some samples were overnight air-shipped, including all but 2 samples from Florida which were processed immediately upon receipt. The following media were used for bacterial isolation: blood agar (Columbia agar base + 5% sheep blood), Macconkey agar, mannitol salt agar and thiosulfate-citrate-bile-sucrose (TCBS) agar. All media were from Difco Laboratories (Detroit, Michigan) or Becton Dickinson Microbiology Systems (Cockeysville, Maryland). The top section of each plate was swabbed directly. Streaking of the plate was com2 3 2 5 5 3 2 2 2 2 b b b b Q C )k m o < n , r , t c g 6 S s s s s 2 5 2 2 s. W s. W s.

Bacteria associated with stranded cetaceans from the northeast USA and southwest Florida Gulf coasts