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Analysis and simulation of biospheric responses to historical forcing require surface cli- mate data that capture those aspects of climate that control ecological processes, including key spatial gradients and modes of temporal variability. We developed a multivariate, gridded historical climate dataset for the conterminous USA as a common input database for the VegetationlEcosystem Model- ing and Analysis Project (VEMAP), a biogeochemical and dynamic vegetation model intercomparison. The dataset covers the period 1895-1993 on a 0.5" latitude/longitude grid. Climate is represented at both monthly and daily timesteps. Variables are: precipitation, mininirnum and maximum tempera- ture, total incident solar radiation, daylight-period irradiance, vapor pressure, and daylight-period rel- ative humidity. The dataset was derived from US Historical Climate Network (HCN), cooperative net- work, and snowpack telemetry (SNOTEL) monthly precipitation and mean nninirnw and maximum temperature station data. We employed techniques that rely on geostatistical and physical relation- ships to create the temporally and spatially complete dataset. We developed a local kriging prediction model to iniill discontinuous and limited-length station records based on spatial autocorrelation struc- ture of climate anomalies. A spatial interpolation model (PRISM) that accounts for physiographic con- trols was used to grid the infilled monthly station data. We implemented a stochastic weather genera- tor (modified WGEN) to disaggregate the gridded monthly series to dailies. Radiation and humidity variables were estimated from the dailies using a physically-based empirical surface climate model (MTCLIM3). Derived datasets include a 100 yr model spin-up climate and a historical Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) dataset. The VEMAP dataset exhibits statistically significant trends in tempera- ture, precipitation, solar radiation, vapor pressure, and PDSI for US Nationd Assessment regions. The historical climate and companion datasets are available online at data archive centers.

VEMAP Phase 2 bioclimatic database. I. Gridded historical (20th century) climate for modeling ecosystem dynamics across the conterminous USA