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Papers dealing with precipitation scenarios for a potentially warmer climate have often ignored the relationship between precipitation and temperature. Although the atmosphere has a larger capacity to hold water vapour at higher temperatures, plots of the mean wet-day precipitation amounts versus temperature may not reveal a clear positive relationship. This phenomenon is studied in detail for Florence and Livorno (Italy). Vorticity and the difference between the land and sea surface temper- atures are 2 important factors that determine precipitation at these sites. The wet-day precipitation amount is explored as a function of these 2 variables and temperature using an iterative smoothing technique. The estimated functions show a marked increase in the mean wet-day precipitation amount with increasing temperature (~6% °C -1 ). The differences between the smoothed relations for Florence and Livorno are small and the smooths for the winter and summer halves of the year are also quite sim- ilar. Besides the mean wet-day precipitation amounts, the mean wet-hour amounts (mean rainfall intensities) of each day with rain are also analysed. These show a much stronger increase with increas- ing temperature (~11% °C -1 ), which is partly due to a decrease of rainfall duration with increasing tem-

Dependence of precipitation on temperature at Florence and Livorno (Italy)