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Many organisms naturally defend themselves against microbial attachment and biofouling\udin the marine environment. In this study, we investigated microbial fouling on 2 molluscan egg\udcapsules using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM)\udwith bacterial viability staining and bacterial attachment experiments with the biofilm-forming\udPseudoalteromonas sp. S91 in flow chambers. Results indicated that early stage egg capsules of\udDicathais orbita (Neogastropoda) are relatively free of surface microorganisms. Egg capsules during\udthe trocophore stage had a regularly ridged microtexture, but as capsules matured, shedding of the\udouter wall was observed, followed by the extrusion of unidentified droplets, which then accumulated\udon the capsule surface in association with bacteria. By comparison, the egg capsules of Sepioteuthis\udaustralis (Cephalopoda) were found to have an irregular surface with many hills and valleys that\udaccommodate colonization by a variety of microorganisms. At the later stages of development these\udsquid egg capsules become heavily colonized by algal spores. Cross sections of egg capsules\udrevealed that S. australis capsule walls were about 12 times thicker than D. orbita egg capsules.\udStaining the egg capsules with BacLight™ also revealed a significantly thicker biofilm, with more live\udand dead bacteria on S. australis capsules than on those of D. orbita (p < 0.05). Flow chamber experiments\udindicated that the surface of S. australis capsules provided a suitable substrate for colonization\udby Pseudoalteromonas sp. S91, whereas colonization was significantly less on D. orbita egg capsules\udafter 24 and 72 h (p < 0.01). These experiments indicated that D. orbita egg capsules are better\uddefended against fouling microbes than are the eggs of S. australis. D. orbita appears to use a combination\udof physical, mechanical and possibly chemical defense mechanisms to reduce fouling on their\udegg capsules

Comparison of surface microfouling and bacterial attachment on the egg capsules of two molluscan species representing Cephalopoda and Neogastropoda