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Conjugation is a distinctive process of ciliate sexual reproduction, and while its induc-tion and progression have been widely investigated in lab-cultured strains of several species, littleinformation has been gathered about the actual frequency of this sexual process in natural habitats.This study focuses on the frequency of conjugation in ciliates dwelling on Mediterranean sandyshores. Over the period 1990 to 1996, 680sand samples (1 ml) were collected along Italian coasts andexamined just after collection for the presence of conjugating pairs. Overall, the samplings yielded28890 individual ciliates belonging to 121 species, but only 20 conjugating pairs belonging to 8different species. Conjugation, therefore, seems to be an erratic sexual phenomenon and not asfrequent in ciliates of temperate marine sandy shores as previously thought.KEY WORDS: Sexual reproduction · Conjugation · Population sexual structure · Protists · Ciliates ·Sandy shores · Mediterranean Sea Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher

How often does conjugation in ciliates occur? Clues from a seven-year study on marine sandy shores