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Biofouling by blue mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis is a persistent regional-scale problem for green-lipped mussel Perna canaliculus aquaculture in New Zealand’s Marlborough Sounds. M. galloprovincialis impacts on P. canaliculus crop production were assessed using a 4 yr dataset representing 243 different mussel farms. Together with information on other production impacts from M. galloprovincialis and associated management costs, we estimated the regionalscale economic consequences of mussel biofouling. Mean (±95% CI) M. galloprovincialis cover on mussel crops across the study region was 9.17 ± 0.5%, with the worst-affected crops experiencing up to 99% cover. P. canaliculus yield per crop depended on the spat type used for grow-out, and declined with increasing grow-out duration at a rate of ca. 1 kg yr−1 m−1 of cultivation line, due to M. galloprovincialis biofouling and a range of other possible factors. For M. galloprovincialis alone, regression models predicted a decrease in annualised P. canaliculus yield of ca. 5 to 10% at mean M. galloprovincialis cover, depending on spat type. This decline represented an average loss of regional economic value of $11.4 million yr−1 USD (range $8.0 to 15.4 million). When impacts on seed-stock supply and costs incurred for mitigation were also accounted for, the economic loss from M. galloprovincialis biofouling was estimated at $16.4 million yr−1, which represents 10% of the regional value of the mussel industry. The discussion highlights a dearth of comparable quantitative studies of the economic consequences of biofouling. There is a need for consistent approaches to reporting such consequences to enable comparisons among different locations, biofouling species and types of aquaculture.

Significant impact from blue mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis biofouling on aquaculture production of green-lipped mussels in New Zealand